一、形式猜想
综观历年高考英语试卷,可看出书面表达题都采用指导性作文(guided composition),即根据所给的信息(information)和思想(idea)来作文。这些试题对写作的目的、对象、体裁及字数等都有明确的规定,写作内容则以文字、图画或图表的形式提供。书面表达的基本写作标准为:内容切题,文理通顺,语言准确。体裁则有记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文和论说文等。
针对全国卷英语考试大纲的两项修订和调整,估计2006年高考英语变化不大,试卷难度会与去年持平,但会有所发展,有所创新,估计书面表达题会要求考生在给出的特定情景下按照特定的要求进行书面表达。这种形式可以考查出考生的书面表达水平,同时又能够有效地保证评卷的客观性、准确性。运用外语是双向行为,应该在重视培养接受能力的同时重视表达能力的培养。
二、注意事项
要写出一篇优秀书面表达,不仅要语言准确恰当、条理清楚,没有语法错误,还必须做到“二扣,三避,四性”。
(一)二扣和三避
即在内容上紧扣要点,紧扣主题;避写感想,避写心得,避写体会,切忌脱离主题任意发挥,写一些“题外话”。如何做到紧扣主题呢?那就是紧跟主题句展开叙述,切忌受汉语思维的影响,去写一些自己的感想、心得、体会等。如果这样做不仅违反了英语的表达习惯,而且还会偏离主题,容易出错。
同时,还须注意不要超过字数。高考书面表达评分标准中指出,词数少于80个或多于120个的作文从总分中减去2分。
(二)四性
即准确性、简洁性、连贯性以及表达方式的多样性。
准确性:就是要求写出语法正确的句子,包括时态,语态,用词,句法等。
简洁性:就是要做到语言简洁,不重复。
多样性:就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。如强调句、倒装句,各种从句和固定句型等。简单句、并列句、主从复合句等长短句要交错使用,避免千篇一律的短句和简单句。但是,千万不要为用复杂的句型而造句,那样会影响语篇的连贯性,也不要刻意为追求复杂句而不顾承上启下,否则,这样的短文可能就是一篇按要点一句一句翻译而成的漂亮句子而已,而不是一篇流畅的短文。
连贯性:要根据整篇短文意思的需要而选用恰当的连接词,过渡句。但不要牵强附会,该用则用,不可乱添,过渡要自然。平时有些学生把and, then乱用一通,搞得句子一点不清爽,句子有头,却不知尾在何处。这些学生除了and, then之外似乎就不知还有哪些可用作语篇连接词了。
(三) 排除母语的干扰
在表达过程中,应选用自己熟悉的和有把握的词汇及句型,千万不能自己去创造或生搬硬套汉语式的句子。如有人把“我认为周末应该一天学习,一天休息”错误的写成“I think on weekends should one day study, one day rest.”正确的表达应是“I think one day of the weekends should be used to study, the other day to rest”. “从公园大门进”写成“enter into the park by the big door”,正确的应是“enter the park by the main gate”. 如果遇到确实难以回避的内容,一时又想不起确切的表达法,那就要“拐弯抹角”地去表达,尽量找同义或近义的词语或句型来代替,英语有句谚语:“All roads lead to Rome.”这样既可节约时间,又可避免犯大的错误。如“得第一名”可以有以下表达法“win the first prize”,“get the first place”等。
再如“尽管他生病,他仍然坚持工作”,可以表达为:
Although/ Though he was ill, he stuck to his work.
As/ Though he was ill, he kept on working.
While he was ill, he continued his work.
Although/ Though he fell ill, yet he didn’t stop his work.
He went on with his work in spite of his illness.
In spite of the fact that he was ill, he continued working.
He got sick, but he still didn’t stop working.… 、范文欣赏
教育部最近在西部地区实施了"两免一补",你校组织高三学生开展了一场讨论,主题是:周末双休日要不要上课。请根据下表提供的信息,写一篇短文,客观地介绍一下讨论的情况。词数100左右。
30%
1. 要上课
2. 高考6月举行,要抓紧时间复习
30%
1. 要上课
2. 休息好,提高学习效率
40%
1. 其中一天学习,一天休息
2. 学习与休息两头兼顾
Sample writing:
Recently, the students of senior 3 in our school have had a discussion about whether we should have classes on weekends.
30% of them think they should have classes on weekends because the college entrance examinations will be held in June, and students should make full use of free time to review what they have learnt.
Another 30% are against the idea of having classes on weekends. They believe students should have a good rest on weekends so that they can study more effectively during the weekdays.
The other 40% of the students don’t agree with either of the ideas above. In their opinion, study and rest are both important for students. They suggest one day of the weekend should be used to study and the other day to have a rest.
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